Figure 2.  Distribution of Public Expenditure on Old-age Income Support, 2013-4, percent

Notes: P0, P1... relate to respective pillar-0, pillar-1… as shown in figure 1; Authors’ computation.

Figure 2 shows that less than two percent of it constituted co-contributions in the nature of capital expenditure, while figure 3 shows that more than 85 percent workers remain excluded from the system. 

Figure 3. Distribution of Workers by Membership with Programs, percent

Notes: Worker population from census; Membership with

           mandatory schemes from respective annual reports -

           that pertain to differing, but proximate, years – We

           assume membership to be not significantly different in

           2013-4

Government ex-workers drawing defined benefit cornered almost 62 percent of system expense (cf. value for P1, Figure 2), and constitute only 11.4 percent of the elderly, while, 70 percent of all beneficiaries including those drawing social pensions collect less than the rural poverty line (INR 11016 per annum). Figure 4 depicts the average annual pension benefit drawn by broad identifiable groups of beneficiaries.

Figure 4. Average Annual Pension Benefit by Beneficiary Groups, 2013-4 (’000 INRs)