(Co-authored with Pramod Sinha and Rachna Sharma)

 

Background

 

In recent months, there has been a growing concern around elevated services inflation. In the US, while the falling goods inflation has helped pull down the overall inflation, the pace of price increases among services has remained high. These patterns have led Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell and fellow officials to closely monitor services inflation in their decision to tighten interest rates further. In India too, there are concerns around rising costs of services such as healthcare, education and housing. 

 

In this backdrop, this note presents a discussion on recent trends in goods and services inflation in India. The note also talks about the key drivers of goods and services inflation in the recent months. This requires disaggregating the overall Consumer Price Index (CPI) into goods and services consumer price index. The key finding emerging from the analysis is that unlike in the U.S, inflation dynamics in India are primarily influenced by goods. Infact, services inflation has seen a moderation in the recent months

 

Methodology to construct Goods and services CPI Index and an assessment of contribution

 

The official estimates of CPI inflation do not release estimates of Goods and Services inflation separately. For the purpose, we use the information that Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) provides while classifying the 299 items in the CPI basket. Each of the 299 items used in construction of CPI, is assigned a unique 9-digit coding structure (A.B.CD.E.F.G.H.I). The table below summaries and explains the hierarchical coding structure of each item:

 

Table 1: Illustration for identifying items as Goods or Services

 

 

 

In the unique code, the 6th digit identifies items under the categories 'Goods' and 'Services'. Digit “1” represents goods while the digit “2” represents services. 

 

Out of the 299 items in the CPI basket, 40 items represent services, while the remaining 259 items represent goods. Together, the 40 items representing 'Services' account for 23.36 percent of the total weight, while the 259 items representing 'Goods' account for 76.6 percent of the overall CPI basket.

 

Table 2 shows the distribution of goods and services in the broad categories of the CPI. Table shows that most of the services (33 out of 40) are categorised in the “Miscellaneous” category of the CPI. These account for roughly half of the overall weightage of services in the CPI.

 

Table 2: CPI: Goods and Services by weight and item count

 

 

 

After identifying the goods and services components within the CPI basket, the next step is the construction of the goods and services price index. The item-wise price index published by MOSPI is used to construct the CPI-Services and CPI-Goods series. Even though the CPI data for the current base year dates back to 2012, item-by-item information is available only since January 2014. In view of this, the exercise for construction of CPI-Goods and CPI-Services begins from January 2014.

 

 

To arrive at the overall CPI index, the sum total of weighted average of goods and services indices is used.

 

Here, WG is the weight of individual goods items, WS is the weight of individual services items, PG is the price index for individual goods items and PS refers to the price for individual service items.

 

Validation of the CPI constructed and the actual series

 

To validate our approach of construction of goods and services CPI, the year-on-year change (Y-o-Y) in the actual CPI is superposed against the Y-o-Y change in the computed CPI, which is the weighted average of the CPI-Services and CPI-Goods (See Figure 1). The computed CPI Y-o-Y change is seen to mirror the trajectory of the actual CPI, barring some minor deviations¹. 

 

 

 

Trends in CPI Goods inflation

 

The direction and the trend of the overall inflation is seen to be influenced by the direction and trend of the CPI Goods Inflation. Although the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) targets headline inflation, it is worthwhile to look at the trajectories of CPI Goods and Services inflation separately to better understand the drivers of high inflation (See, Figure 2). Since 2015, broadly, there are four episodes where CPI Goods inflation breached the higher and lower threshold of 2 and 6 percent respectively. Inflation based on CPI Services is seen to have breached the 4+/-2 percent threshold only once. 

 

• The first episode of breach (of lower threshold) happened in May-July 2017. CPI Goods recorded its lowest inflation of 0.7 percent in June 2017. The second episode of breaching the lower threshold happened during the second-half of FY 2018-19 during October 2018 – March 2019.

 

• The above episodes of CPI Goods breaching the lower threshold of 2 percent were mainly driven by a drop in inflation in all sub-groups of Consumer Food Price Index (CFPI) except ‘meat & fish’. Amongst the items which saw major decline in prices were Vegetables, Mustard oil, Pulses etc. 

 

• The third episode of breach happened during Dec 2019-Nov 2020. During this period, the CPI goods inflation surpassed the upper threshold of 6 percent. Within various groups of CPI Goods, the increase in inflation was mainly driven by a rise in food inflation, during Dec 2019-Nov 2020 owing to build up in Vegetable (21.9)², Pulses (17.3), Spices (10.9), Oil & fats (10.9) and Egg, fish and meat inflation (14). The high vegetable prices was mainly on account of lower output for onion and potato due to crop damage by excessive rains. However, the swift steps taken by the Government helped to ease CPI Food inflation in the subsequent months. 

 

• The fourth episode of breach of inflation target commenced in January 2022 and continues even now. The higher CPI goods inflation was observed following the supply-chain disruptions owing to the Russia-Ukraine war. This was further fuelled by the shortfall in the production of crops on account of heat waves. During the calendar year 2022 – CPI Goods inflation recorded an average of 7.5 percent. This high inflation phase of CPI Goods was reflected in the elevated inflation also, which averaged at 6.7 percent during the calendar year 2022.

 

• The rise in goods inflation during this episode was broad-based. Higher prices were recorded across categories like Food & beverages, Clothing & Footwear, and Fuel & Light   during the Jan-Dec 2022 period. 

 

 

Figure 2: CPI: Goods, Services and Headline CPI (Y-o-Y change)

 

 

 

Trends in CPI Services inflation  

 

• Inflation in CPI-Services has generally remained range-bound between 4-6 percent except during March 2018 to January 2019 when it breached the upper threshold of 6 percent. This was on account of the revised HRA structure under the 7th Central Pay Commission (CPC). As per the recommendation of the 7th CPC, the basic pay of government employees rose by a factor of 2.57, accordingly, HRA stood revised by 105.6 per cent, i.e., by more than double the pre-CPC level³. 

 

• The impact of the revision can be understood from the survey undertaken to construct the CPI-Housing index. Of the total sample of households that are surveyed for the purpose, 14 percent are government accommodations. The sustained (as opposed to a one off) increase in the CPI-Housing during this period could be on account of the chain-base surveying where every month a fixed sample of nearly 2200 such government household accommodations are surveyed. The increase in the HRA also influences the rental of private accommodations.

 

• This was further sustained on account of State governments such as Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh implementing the recommendations of the 7th Pay Commission.

 

• In contrast to the inflation in goods, inflation in services moderated to 5.2 per cent in January 2023 from a high of 5.6 percent recorded in September 2022.

 

Contribution of goods and services inflation to the overall inflation

 

Large swings in inflation may not have a significant impact on the headline inflation if the weights of commodities experiencing high inflation in the overall basket is small. Here the assessment of contribution, which takes into account both price rise and weights becomes useful.  For this, we look at the contribution of the individual goods and services items using the given formula: 

 

   

Where Wi represents weight of the individual commodity item, Pt represents price index of the ith on time t, Pt-12 is price index of the ith item 12 months ago and CPIt-12 represents headline CPI price index 12 months ago.  

 

The contribution of CPI-services to the headline inflation has   remained sticky around 1-1.5 percent while CPI-goods contribution has always been more than that of services except for some specific instances observed in 2017 and some months in 2019 (See Figure 3). Nearly 3/4th of the contribution to the overall CPI comes from CPI Goods reflecting its weight in the overall CPI. As an example, in January 2023, the contribution of CPI-Services and CPI-Goods stood at 1.2 and 5.2 respectively in the overall headline inflation of 6.4 percent (1.2 + 5.2).

 

 

Figure 3: Contribution: CPI-Services and CPI-Goods

 

 

What drove goods and services inflation during the financial year 2022-23?

 

Table 3 shows the top contributors to goods and services inflation during the period April-January, 2022-2023. The table also shows the items that contributed negatively to the goods and services inflation respectively during this period (due to decline in prices or deflation). The key findings are outlined below:

 

• CPI Services recorded 5.2 percent Y-o-Y change during April-January 2023 as compared to the corresponding period of the previous year. During this period, the top contributors have been Rent (House / Garage), Tuition and other fees, Telephone charges, Bus/tram fare and Consultation fee for the doctor. 

 

• Goods items contributed 5.7 percent to the headline inflation rate of 6.8 percent during Apr-Jan 2022-23 - implying a contribution of nearly 84%. Amongst the major contributors to the goods items are Milk, Wheat, Rice, Kerosene and Medicine, while the items which contributed negatively were mostly fruits and vegetables like Onion, Garlic, Apple etc. While milk prices rose by Rs. 8 in 2022 owing to higher feed cost, wheat prices saw a spike on account of shortfall in the production of crops on account of heat wave.

 

Table 3: Contribution by Items: Top and Bottom contributor by Goods and Services 

 

 

 

²  Figure in parenthesis is YoY Change for Dec 2019-Nov 2020 as compared to Dec 2018-Nov 2019.

³  https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/MintStreetMemos/CPCHRA230418.pdf

 

 

 

List of References:

 

1. Bhandari, Pranjul,`What’s feeding inflation in India’, The Indian Express, 24 February 2023; https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/whats-feeding-inflation-in-india-8463313/

 

2. Consumer Price Index, Changes in the revised series (2012), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation; http://164.100.34.62:8080/PDFile/CPI-Changes_in_the_Revised_Series.pdf

 

3. Das, Praggya,`Impact of Increase in House Rent Allowance on CPI Inflation, Mint Street Memo No. 11, RBI; https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/MintStreetMemos/CPCHRA230418.pdf

 

4. Economic Survey 2018-19, Prices and Inflation, Chapter 4, https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2019-20/economicsurvey/doc/vol2chapter/echap04_vol2.pdf

 

5. Economic Survey 2022-23, Prices and Inflation: Successful tight-rope walking, Chapter 5, https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/eschapter/echap05.pdf

 

6. Howard Schneider, `Fed looks to services prices as final leg in inflation battle’, Reuters, 14 February 2023; https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/fed-looks-services-prices-last-leg-inflation-fight-2023-02-14/

 

7. Misra, Udit,`India’s sticky inflation: Causes and consequences’, The Indian Express, 20 February 2023; https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/india-sticky-inflation-causes-consequences-8454047/#:~:text=Simply%20put%2C%20if%20inflation%20stays,and%20the%20Russia%2DUkraine%20war