It is suggested that Indian investors have taken a liking to the Indian stock market¹. As retail investors and individual traders enter the market regulators and experts worry about the implications of the trend. A significant aspect of this trend is the income profile of investors and their …

(Co-authored with Lekha Chakraborty)

India’s commitment to net-zero emissions by 2070 demands transformative investments across energy systems, infrastructure, and climate resilience. Recent estimates suggest an annual requirement of around US$250 billion to scale low-carbon technologies and build climate resilience (Department of Economic Affairs 2025).

In May 2025, the Department of …

(Co-authored with Lekha Chakraborty)

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly emerging as a general-purpose technology with the potential to drive significant productivity growth and reshape labour markets worldwide. Yet, as historical technological shifts have shown, its benefits are often unevenly distributed—both across countries and within them. In G20 economies, nations that …

(Co-authored with Lekha Chakraborty)

Artificial intelligence (AI) is no longer a distant promise—it is reshaping economies, labour markets, and societies at unprecedented speed. Yet, reliably measuring its spread remains challenging for policymakers. How do we capture not just frontier breakthroughs but also the broader diffusion that determines who benefits?

Existing …

(Co-authored with Nikhil Rahangdale)

India has a strange problem in its school system where almost every child starts primary school, but a large number of them never finish high school. UDISE+ 2024–25 shows that while India enrolls 246.9 million students, only 64.8 million reach secondary grades. Dropout rates rise from …